lecture vs own work

russell was showing us how certain cities have been struck by a disaster and as a result people came back and saw certain stuff destroyed and all over the place. he was also talking about a certain city before being abounded how people used to come out with diamond chunks in that area.

new church of light

church of light after 100 years

lecture vs own work

the lecture was about the strength of different material and russell showed us how they took down the building in japan bit by bit and also how the an aluminium shed was destroyed. russell also spoke about sadam hussain when he came out war from kuwait he drove tanks into buildings and destroyed. the lecture was to give us ideas how material break and incorperate that into our game.

journal vs own work

the journal had section of how the glass was fitted into the actual building. this was helpful because it helped us design our building in more detail and also it helped us to visualise was will hapeen to the metal block holding the glass in place.

sections

 section of window

right section (roller door)

details of the model

 metal fram of the large cross (bottom left)

  metal fram of the large cross (top left)

  metal fram of the large cross (bottom right)

 stell frame of the window

 steel frame of the window

 metal frame of the roller door

 metal frame of the roller door

 metal frame of the back window

 metal frame of the back window

 metal frame of the back window

bottom part of back window

 church of light

church of light

wood becomming damaged

There are two main types of wood destroying organisms: fungi and insects. Infestation by either one can lead to complete destruction of an object. In fact, infestation by one usually leads to infestation by the other. Wood, fungi, and insects form a biological cycle which has been perfected over millions of years.

Fungi includes molds and mildews, and are everywhere in the environment. Fungi are simple plant-like organisms which do not have chlorophyll to produce their own food. In essence, they have a parasitic relationship with their host. They rapidly multiply in a supportive environment, and send seed-like spores out (sometimes air-borne) to extend their range. Some fungi do not affect the strength of wood by their activity--they may only stain the wood. However, some can completely destroy the wood cellulose (polymer backbone) and lignin (cellular Aglue@). Ultimately, the wood residue crumbles to a powder.

Insects such as beetles in their larval stage are among the most destructive. These insects lay eggs in wood; the maturing larvae eat continuously, only emerging to mate and continue the cycle. The emerging adult will leave a small exit, or flight hole, about 1/16" (1.5mm) in diameter. While unfavorable conditions may slow their development, the usual life cycle is complete within a year.

Termites can pose a threat to furniture, but are usually more interested in the wooden building surrounding the collection. Other insects present a special problems, since they may not even use wood for food. Some ants and bees tunnel through wood creating galleries for shelter. These are not usually a problem with furniture but can be a major destructive agent in historic buildings.

A continuous supply of oxygen is required by terrestrial life forms, including those which consume wood. When the supply is diminished, or removed entirely, the consumption ceases and the organism will be destroyed. This is in fact a new method for eradicating wood destroying organisms. These so-called "anoxic" methods require the use of sealed chambers, and are sometimes a good alternative to pesticides.

wood eating away

concrete degredation

The expansion of the corrosion products (iron oxides) of carbon steel reinforcement structures may induce mechanical stress that can cause the formation of cracks and disrupt the concrete structure. If the rebars have been poorly installed and are located too close to the concrete surface in contact with the air, spalling can easily occur: flat fragments of concrete are detached from the concrete mass by the rebars corrosion and may fall down.

Carbon dioxide from air can react with the calcium hydroxide in concrete to form calcium carbonate. This process is called carbonatation, which is essentially the reversal of the chemical process of calcination of lime taking place in a cement kiln. Carbonation of concrete is a slow and continuous process progressing from the outer surface inward, but slows down with increasing diffusion depth.

Chlorides, particularly calcium chloride, have been used to shorten the setting time of concrete.^[1] However, calcium chloride and (to a lesser extent) sodium chloride have been shown to leach calcium hydroxide and cause chemical changes in Portland cement, leading to loss of strength,^[2] as well as attacking the steel reinforcement present in most concrete.

Sulfates in solution in contact with concrete can cause chemical changes to the cement, which can cause significant microstructural effects leading to the weakening of the cement binder (chemical sulfate attack). Sulfate solutions can also cause damage to porous cementitious materials through crystallization and recrystallization (salt attack).^[3] Sulfates (sulphates) and sulfites are ubiquitous in the natural environment and are present from many sources, including gypsum (calcium sulfate) often present as an additive in 'blended' cements which include fly ash and other sources of sulfate. With the notable exception of barium sulfate, most sulfates are slightly to highly soluble in water. These include acid 

rain

 where sulfur dioxide in the airshed is dissolved in rainfall to produce sulfurous acid.

Distilled water can wash calcium from concrete, leaving the concrete in brittle condition. A common source of distilled water can be condensed steam. Distilled water leaches out calcium better because undistilled water contains some calcium ions, and does not dissolve them.

Bacteria themselves do not have noticeable effect on concrete. However, sulfate-reducing bacteria in untreated sewage tend to produce hydrogen sulfide, which is then oxidized by aerobic bacteria present in biofilm on the concrete surface above the water level to sulfuric acid. The sulfuric acid dissolves the carbonates in the cured cement and causes strength loss, as well as producing sulfates which are harmful to concrete. Concrete floors lying on ground that contains pyrite (iron(II) sulfide) are also at risk. Using limestone as the aggregate makes the concrete more resistant to acids, and the sewage may be pretreated by ways increasing pH or oxidizing or precipitating the sulfides in order to inhibit the activity of sulfide utilizing bacteria.

Exposure of concrete structures to neutrons and gamma radiations in nuclear power plants and high-flux material testing reactor can induce radiation damages in their concrete structures. Paramagnetic defects andoptical centers are easily formed, but very high fluxes are necessary to displace a sufficiently high number of atoms in the crystal lattice of minerals present in concrete before significant mechanical damage is observed.

Up to about 300 °C, the concrete undergoes normal thermal expansion. Above that temperature, shrinkage occurs due to water loss; however, the aggregate continues expanding, which causes internal stresses. Up to about 500 °C, the major structural changes are carbonatation and coarsening of pores. At 573 °C, quartz undergoes rapid expansion due to phase transition, and at 900 °C calcite starts shrinking due to decomposition. At 450-550 °C the cement hydrate decomposes, yielding calcium oxide. Calcium carbonate decomposes at about 600 °C. Rehydration of the calcium oxide on cooling of the structure causes expansion, which can cause damage to material which withstood fire without falling apart. Concrete in buildings that experienced a fire and were left standing for several years shows extensive degree of carbonatation from carbon dioxide which is reabsorbed.

Carbonation

week 8 lecture vs own work

the lecture was about how how certain buildings have been built and what happens to certain material over time such as concrete, wood and glass. the idea was to carry to understand how this happens and then try to incorperate it into our model for the buildings we are doing. Russell also showed certain videos for experiemnt one and told us that the slow pace of moving or camera not moving is a good thing and in one of the videos, the person had a shot of the entire island and Russell said that it wrecked the video.